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field of invention

  • 1 field of invention

    PI domaine de l'invention

    English-French dictionary of law, politics, economics & finance > field of invention

  • 2 field of invention

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > field of invention

  • 3 field of invention

    область техники, к которой относится изобретение

    Patent terms dictionary > field of invention

  • 4 field

    сектор, область (деятельности, экономики и т. д.)
    - field of application
    - field of attraction
    - field of force
    - field of invention
    - field of knowledge
    - field of research
    - field of search
    - field of use
    - application field
    - computer field
    - digital field
    - discrete field
    - image field
    - punching field
    - retail field
    - visual field

    Patent terms dictionary > field

  • 5 Field of the invention

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Field of the invention

  • 6 область техники, к которой относится изобретение

    2) Investment: Field of the invention

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > область техники, к которой относится изобретение

  • 7 область техники изобретения

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > область техники изобретения

  • 8 generar

    v.
    1 to generate.
    El juego genera pérdidas Gambling generates losses.
    2 to be created to, to be generated to.
    Se me generan sentimientos feos Bad feelings are created to me.
    * * *
    1 to generate
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    VT
    1) [+ electricidad, energía] to generate
    2) [+ empleo, interés, riqueza] to generate, create; [+ problemas, tensiones] to cause; [+ beneficios] to generate
    * * *
    verbo transitivo (Elec) to generate; ( crear) to generate, create
    * * *
    = breed, generate, mother, beget.
    Nota: Verbo irregular: pasado begot, participio begotten.
    Ex. The dependence on bosses for recognition, rewards, and advancement breeds an artificiality of relationship, a need to be polite and agreeable.
    Ex. Human indexers sometimes make inappropriate judgements, misinterpret ideas, have lapses of memory or concentration, and generate omissions and inconsistencies in their indexing.
    Ex. Necessity mothers invention, and certainly invention in the presentation of books mothers surprised interest.
    Ex. This means that citations do not automatically beget more citations.
    ----
    * generar debate = generate + debate.
    * generar discusión = generate + discussion.
    * generar dudas = make + Nombre + doubt.
    * generar ingresos = generate + revenue.
    * generar interés = generate + interest.
    * generar un campo magnético = generate + magnetic field.
    * que genera polémica = confrontational.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo (Elec) to generate; ( crear) to generate, create
    * * *
    = breed, generate, mother, beget.
    Nota: Verbo irregular: pasado begot, participio begotten.

    Ex: The dependence on bosses for recognition, rewards, and advancement breeds an artificiality of relationship, a need to be polite and agreeable.

    Ex: Human indexers sometimes make inappropriate judgements, misinterpret ideas, have lapses of memory or concentration, and generate omissions and inconsistencies in their indexing.
    Ex: Necessity mothers invention, and certainly invention in the presentation of books mothers surprised interest.
    Ex: This means that citations do not automatically beget more citations.
    * generar debate = generate + debate.
    * generar discusión = generate + discussion.
    * generar dudas = make + Nombre + doubt.
    * generar ingresos = generate + revenue.
    * generar interés = generate + interest.
    * generar un campo magnético = generate + magnetic field.
    * que genera polémica = confrontational.

    * * *
    generar [A1 ]
    vt
    1 ( Elec) to generate
    2 (crear) to generate, create
    una industria que genera importantes beneficios an industry which generates o yields important profits
    proyectos destinados a generar puestos de trabajo projects intended to create o generate jobs
    * * *

     

    generar ( conjugate generar) verbo transitivo
    to generate
    generar verbo transitivo to generate: el nuevo plan generará cientos de puestos de trabajo, the new scheme will create hundreds of jobs
    ' generar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    atar
    - criar
    English:
    generate
    - spawn
    * * *
    1. [originar, causar] to generate;
    la decisión generó odios the decision caused much resentment
    2. [crear] [energía] to generate;
    [empleo] to create;
    generar algo por ordenador to generate sth by computer;
    generado por ordenador computer-generated
    * * *
    v/t generate
    * * *
    : to generate
    * * *
    generar vb to generate

    Spanish-English dictionary > generar

  • 9 brevet

    brevet [bʀəvε]
    1. masculine noun
       a. ( = diplôme) diploma
       b. [de pilote] licence
    * * *
    bʀəvɛ
    nom masculin
    2) ( diplôme)
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    bʀəvɛ nm
    2) (= certificat) diploma, certificate, (brevet des collèges) school certificate, taken at about 16
    * * *
    brevet nm
    1 ( d'invention) brevet (d'invention) patent; déposer un brevet to take out a patent (pour on); après le dépôt du brevet after patenting;
    2 ( diplôme) ≈ certificate; brevet de moniteur de ski/de secourisme ski instructor's/first aid certificate; brevet de respectabilité hum social acceptability certificate.
    brevet des collèges Scol certificate of general education; brevet d'études professionnelles, BEP Scol certificate of technical education; brevet de pilote Aviat pilot's licenceGB; brevet professionnel specialized technical qualification acquired in the workplace; brevet de technicien supérieur, BTS Univ advanced vocational diploma.
    ⓘ Brevet The term usually designates a type of vocational qualification such as the brevet d'études professionnelles or BEP, which is awarded after two years of practically oriented coursework at a lycée professionnel or the brevet de technicien supérieur or BTS, taken after the baccalauréat and representing two years of study in a specific vocational field. The brevet des collèges, on the other hand, is a general educational qualification taken at around the age of fifteen at the end of study in a collège.
    [brəvɛ] nom masculin
    brevets militaires ≃ staff college qualifications
    4. [certificat] certificate
    décerner à quelqu'un un brevet de moralité to testify to ou to vouch for somebody's character

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > brevet

  • 10 domaine

    domaine [dɔmεn]
    masculine noun
       a. ( = propriété) estate
    • dans le domaine public/privé in public/private ownership
       b. ( = sphère) field
    * * *
    dɔmɛn
    nom masculin
    1) ( terres) estate
    2) ( spécialité) field, domain
    3) (colloq) ( territoire)
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    dɔmɛn nm
    1) (= demeure et terrains) estate, property

    Il possède un immense domaine en Normandie. — He owns a huge estate in Normandy.

    See:
    2) (de connaissance, scientifique) field

    La chimie n'est pas mon domaine. — Chemistry's not my field.

    dans tous les domaines — in every field, in all areas

    dans les autres domaines — in other fields, in other areas

    See:

    dans ce domaine comme dans d'autres,... — here as elsewhere,...

    * * *
    A nm
    1 ( terres) estate; ils possèdent un vaste domaine dans le Sud-Ouest they own a large estate in the South West; domaine vinicole vineyards (pl);
    2 ( spécialité) field, domain; dans le domaine financier/philosophique in the field of finance/philosophy; la mécanique, ce n'est pas mon domaine mechanics is not my field; dans tous les domaines in every field ou domain;
    3 ○( territoire) l'atelier/le grenier c'est mon domaine (réservé) the workshop/the attic is my territory;
    4 Admin le Domaine state(-owned) property; appartenir au Domaine to be owned by the State;
    5 Ordinat domain; nom de domaine domain name.
    B Domaines nmpl: government department which manages state-owned land and property.
    domaine public public domain; tomber dans le domaine public Jur [œuvres d'art, invention] to be in the public domain; [[œuvre littéraire] to be out of copyright; domaine réservé Pol, Jur reserved domain.
    [dɔmɛn] nom masculin
    1. [propriété] estate, (piece of) property
    a. ≃ Crown lands ou property
    2. [lieu préféré] domain
    4. [secteur d'activité] field, domain, area
    dans le domaine de la prévention, il y a encore beaucoup à faire as far as preventive action is concerned, there's still a lot to do
    [compétence, spécialité] field
    l'art oriental, c'est son domaine she's a specialist in oriental art
    l'électricité, c'est mon domaine I know quite a bit about electricity
    5. [d'un dictionnaire] field
    [indication] field label
    6. MATHÉMATIQUES & INFORMATIQUE domain
    ————————
    Domaines nom masculin pluriel

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > domaine

  • 11 De Forest, Lee

    [br]
    b. 26 August 1873 Council Bluffs, Iowa, USA
    d. 30 June 1961 Hollywood, California, USA
    [br]
    American electrical engineer and inventor principally known for his invention of the Audion, or triode, vacuum tube; also a pioneer of sound in the cinema.
    [br]
    De Forest was born into the family of a Congregational minister that moved to Alabama in 1879 when the father became President of a college for African-Americans; this was a position that led to the family's social ostracism by the white community. By the time he was 13 years old, De Forest was already a keen mechanical inventor, and in 1893, rejecting his father's plan for him to become a clergyman, he entered the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University. Following his first degree, he went on to study the propagation of electromagnetic waves, gaining a PhD in physics in 1899 for his thesis on the "Reflection of Hertzian Waves from the Ends of Parallel Wires", probably the first US thesis in the field of radio.
    He then joined the Western Electric Company in Chicago where he helped develop the infant technology of wireless, working his way up from a modest post in the production area to a position in the experimental laboratory. There, working alone after normal working hours, he developed a detector of electromagnetic waves based on an electrolytic device similar to that already invented by Fleming in England. Recognizing his talents, a number of financial backers enabled him to set up his own business in 1902 under the name of De Forest Wireless Telegraphy Company; he was soon demonstrating wireless telegraphy to interested parties and entering into competition with the American Marconi Company.
    Despite the failure of this company because of fraud by his partners, he continued his experiments; in 1907, by adding a third electrode, a wire mesh, between the anode and cathode of the thermionic diode invented by Fleming in 1904, he was able to produce the amplifying device now known as the triode valve and achieve a sensitivity of radio-signal reception much greater than possible with the passive carborundum and electrolytic detectors hitherto available. Patented under the name Audion, this new vacuum device was soon successfully used for experimental broadcasts of music and speech in New York and Paris. The invention of the Audion has been described as the beginning of the electronic era. Although much development work was required before its full potential was realized, the Audion opened the way to progress in all areas of sound transmission, recording and reproduction. The patent was challenged by Fleming and it was not until 1943 that De Forest's claim was finally recognized.
    Overcoming the near failure of his new company, the De Forest Radio Telephone Company, as well as unsuccessful charges of fraudulent promotion of the Audion, he continued to exploit the potential of his invention. By 1912 he had used transformer-coupling of several Audion stages to achieve high gain at radio frequencies, making long-distance communication a practical proposition, and had applied positive feedback from the Audion output anode to its input grid to realize a stable transmitter oscillator and modulator. These successes led to prolonged patent litigation with Edwin Armstrong and others, and he eventually sold the manufacturing rights, in retrospect often for a pittance.
    During the early 1920s De Forest began a fruitful association with T.W.Case, who for around ten years had been working to perfect a moving-picture sound system. De Forest claimed to have had an interest in sound films as early as 1900, and Case now began to supply him with photoelectric cells and primitive sound cameras. He eventually devised a variable-density sound-on-film system utilizing a glow-discharge modulator, the Photion. By 1926 De Forest's Phonofilm had been successfully demonstrated in over fifty theatres and this system became the basis of Movietone. Though his ideas were on the right lines, the technology was insufficiently developed and it was left to others to produce a system acceptable to the film industry. However, De Forest had played a key role in transforming the nature of the film industry; within a space of five years the production of silent films had all but ceased.
    In the following decade De Forest applied the Audion to the development of medical diathermy. Finally, after spending most of his working life as an independent inventor and entrepreneur, he worked for a time during the Second World War at the Bell Telephone Laboratories on military applications of electronics.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Institute of Electronic and Radio Engineers Medal of Honour 1922. President, Institute of Electronic and Radio Engineers 1930. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Edison Medal 1946.
    Bibliography
    1904, "Electrolytic detectors", Electrician 54:94 (describes the electrolytic detector). 1907, US patent no. 841,387 (the Audion).
    1950, Father of Radio, Chicago: WIlcox \& Follett (autobiography).
    De Forest gave his own account of the development of his sound-on-film system in a series of articles: 1923. "The Phonofilm", Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 16 (May): 61–75; 1924. "Phonofilm progress", Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 20:17–19; 1927, "Recent developments in the Phonofilm", Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 27:64–76; 1941, "Pioneering in talking pictures", Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 36 (January): 41–9.
    Further Reading
    G.Carneal, 1930, A Conqueror of Space (biography).
    I.Levine, 1964, Electronics Pioneer, Lee De Forest (biography).
    E.I.Sponable, 1947, "Historical development of sound films", Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 48 (April): 275–303 (an authoritative account of De Forest's sound-film work, by Case's assistant).
    W.R.McLaurin, 1949, Invention and Innovation in the Radio Industry.
    C.F.Booth, 1955, "Fleming and De Forest. An appreciation", in Thermionic Valves 1904– 1954, IEE.
    V.J.Phillips, 1980, Early Radio Detectors, London: Peter Peregrinus.
    KF / JW

    Biographical history of technology > De Forest, Lee

  • 12 Monro, Philip Peter

    SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology
    [br]
    b. 27 May 1946 London, England
    [br]
    English biologist, inventor of a water-purification process by osmosis.
    [br]
    Monro's whole family background is engineering, an interest he did not share. Instead, he preferred biology, an enthusiasm aroused by reading the celebrated Science of Life by H.G. and G.P.Wells and Julian Huxley. Educated at a London comprehensive school, Monro found it necessary to attend evening classes while at school to take his advanced level science examinations. Lacking parental support, he could not pursue a degree course until he was 21 years old, and so he gained valuable practical experience as a research technician. He resumed his studies and took a zoology degree at Portsmouth Polytechnic. He then worked in a range of zoology and medical laboratories, culminating after twelve years as a Senior Experimental Officer at Southampton Medical School. In 1989 he relinquished his post to devote himself fall time to developing his inventions as Managing Director of Hampshire Advisory and Technical Services Ltd (HATS). Also in 1988 he obtained his PhD from Southampton University, in the field of embryology.
    Monro had meanwhile been demonstrating a talent for invention, mainly in microscopy. His most important invention, however, is of a water-purification system. The idea for it came from Michael Wilson of the Institute of Dental Surgery in London, who evolved a technique for osmotic production of sterile oral rehydration solutions, of particular use in treating infants suffering from diarrhoea in third-world countries. Monro broadened the original concept to include dried food, intravenous solutions and even dried blood. The process uses simple equipment and no external power and works as follows: a dry sugar/salts mixture is sealed in one compartment of a double bag, the common wall of which is a semipermeable membrane. Impure water is placed in the empty compartment and the water transfers across the membrane by the osmotic force of the sugar/salts. As the pores in the membrane exclude all viruses, bacteria and their toxins, a sterile solution is produced.
    With the help of a research fellowship granted for humanitarian reasons at King Alfred College, Winchester, the invention was developed to functional prototype stage in 1993, with worldwide patent protection. Commercial production was expected to follow, if sufficient financial backing were forthcoming. The process is not intended to replace large installations, but will revolutionize the small-scale production of sterile water in scattered third-world communities and in disaster areas where normal services have been disrupted.
    HATS was awarded First Prize in the small business category and was overall prize winner in the Toshiba Year of Invention, received a NatWest/BP award for technology and a Prince of Wales Award for Innovation.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1993, with M.Wilson and W.A.M.Cutting, "Osmotic production of sterile oral rehydration solutions", Tropical Doctor 23:69–72.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Monro, Philip Peter

  • 13 reconocimiento

    m.
    1 recognition.
    reconocimiento del habla (computing & linguistics) speech recognition
    2 gratitude (agradecimiento).
    3 examination (medicine).
    4 reconnaissance (military).
    5 medical examination, examination, check-up, exam.
    6 acknowledgement, ACK.
    * * *
    1 (gen) recognition
    2 (admisión) admission
    3 MILITAR reconnaissance
    4 MEDICINA examination, checkup
    \
    en reconocimiento de in recognition of, in appreciation of
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=aprobación) recognition

    en reconocimiento a, como reconocimiento por — in recognition of

    2) (=registro) search, searching; (=inspección) inspection, examination

    reconocimiento de firma — Méx authentication of a signature

    3) (Mil) reconnaissance
    4) (Med) examination, checkup
    5) (Inform)
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Med) tb
    b) ( de territorio) reconnaissance
    2) (frml)
    a) ( aprobación) recognition

    en reconocimiento por or a algo — in recognition of something

    quiero manifestar mi reconocimiento por... — I should like to show my appreciation for...

    b) ( de hecho) recognition
    3) ( legitimación) recognition
    * * *
    = appreciation, recognition, reconnaissance, acknowledgement [acknowledgment], acclaim, tap on the shoulder, validation, survey, admission.
    Ex. An appreciation of alternative approaches is particularly important in this field where trends towards standardisation are the norm.
    Ex. This format is becoming common in new thesauri, partly because the recognition of the importance of viewing both relationships and subject terms in one tool.
    Ex. The 'strategic computing' plan announced by the United States in early 1984 envisages, among others, the use of intelligent robots (for example, to serve as ammunition loaders in tanks, or in unmanned reconnaissance and manipulating devices).
    Ex. I hope therefore that they will accept this expression of my sincere thanks as an inadequate but deeply felt acknowledgement of my debt to all of them.
    Ex. In effect, the book started its life rather more as a light entertainment middle-of-the-range hardback autobiography but popular acclaim turned it into a huge mass-market paperback success.
    Ex. 'But we certainly have to establish some fair criteria to determine who gets the tap on the shoulder,' reflected Bough = "Pero ciertamente tenemos que establecer algunos criterios justos para determinar quién recibe las palmaditas en la espalda", dijo Bough.
    Ex. Often referred to as utilities, basic software packages are available for performing basic operations such as data entry and validation, sorting and merging files and editing data.
    Ex. Her invention consists of is a miniature, unmanned, auto-controlled airship which can be used for aerial work such as film and photography, surveillance and survey work.
    Ex. This was not intended as a criticism of their hard working colleagues but simply as an admission that they needed additional support and stimulus.
    ----
    * como reconocimiento a = in recognition of.
    * conseguir reconocimiento = win + recognition.
    * cuaderno de reconocimiento de escritura = handwriting recognition notepad.
    * en reconocimiento de = in recognition of.
    * ganar reconocimiento = gain + credit.
    * merecer reconocimiento = merit + recognition.
    * obtener reconocimiento = gain + recognition.
    * premio de reconocimiento = honour award.
    * recibir reconocimiento = find + recognition.
    * reconocimiento de caracteres = character recognition.
    * reconocimiento de imágenes = image recognition.
    * reconocimiento de imágenes por el ordenador = computer vision.
    * reconocimiento de la voz = voice input and output.
    * reconocimiento del habla = speech recognition, voice recognition.
    * reconocimiento del individuo = affirmation.
    * reconocimiento de modelos = pattern recognition.
    * reconocimiento de patrones = pattern recognition.
    * reconocimiento de voz = voice recognition.
    * reconocimiento médico = checkup [check-up], medical checkup.
    * reconocimiento oficial = accreditation.
    * reconocimiento óptico de caracteres (OCR) = OCR (optical character recognition).
    * rueda de reconocimiento = police line-up, identity parade, identification parade.
    * sin reconocimiento de créditos = non-credit.
    * sistema de reconocimiento académico = academic reward(s) system.
    * tecnología para el reconocimiento de voz = voice recognition technology.
    * título de reconocimiento = honorary scroll.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Med) tb
    b) ( de territorio) reconnaissance
    2) (frml)
    a) ( aprobación) recognition

    en reconocimiento por or a algo — in recognition of something

    quiero manifestar mi reconocimiento por... — I should like to show my appreciation for...

    b) ( de hecho) recognition
    3) ( legitimación) recognition
    * * *
    = appreciation, recognition, reconnaissance, acknowledgement [acknowledgment], acclaim, tap on the shoulder, validation, survey, admission.

    Ex: An appreciation of alternative approaches is particularly important in this field where trends towards standardisation are the norm.

    Ex: This format is becoming common in new thesauri, partly because the recognition of the importance of viewing both relationships and subject terms in one tool.
    Ex: The 'strategic computing' plan announced by the United States in early 1984 envisages, among others, the use of intelligent robots (for example, to serve as ammunition loaders in tanks, or in unmanned reconnaissance and manipulating devices).
    Ex: I hope therefore that they will accept this expression of my sincere thanks as an inadequate but deeply felt acknowledgement of my debt to all of them.
    Ex: In effect, the book started its life rather more as a light entertainment middle-of-the-range hardback autobiography but popular acclaim turned it into a huge mass-market paperback success.
    Ex: 'But we certainly have to establish some fair criteria to determine who gets the tap on the shoulder,' reflected Bough = "Pero ciertamente tenemos que establecer algunos criterios justos para determinar quién recibe las palmaditas en la espalda", dijo Bough.
    Ex: Often referred to as utilities, basic software packages are available for performing basic operations such as data entry and validation, sorting and merging files and editing data.
    Ex: Her invention consists of is a miniature, unmanned, auto-controlled airship which can be used for aerial work such as film and photography, surveillance and survey work.
    Ex: This was not intended as a criticism of their hard working colleagues but simply as an admission that they needed additional support and stimulus.
    * como reconocimiento a = in recognition of.
    * conseguir reconocimiento = win + recognition.
    * cuaderno de reconocimiento de escritura = handwriting recognition notepad.
    * en reconocimiento de = in recognition of.
    * ganar reconocimiento = gain + credit.
    * merecer reconocimiento = merit + recognition.
    * obtener reconocimiento = gain + recognition.
    * premio de reconocimiento = honour award.
    * recibir reconocimiento = find + recognition.
    * reconocimiento de caracteres = character recognition.
    * reconocimiento de imágenes = image recognition.
    * reconocimiento de imágenes por el ordenador = computer vision.
    * reconocimiento de la voz = voice input and output.
    * reconocimiento del habla = speech recognition, voice recognition.
    * reconocimiento del individuo = affirmation.
    * reconocimiento de modelos = pattern recognition.
    * reconocimiento de patrones = pattern recognition.
    * reconocimiento de voz = voice recognition.
    * reconocimiento médico = checkup [check-up], medical checkup.
    * reconocimiento oficial = accreditation.
    * reconocimiento óptico de caracteres (OCR) = OCR (optical character recognition).
    * rueda de reconocimiento = police line-up, identity parade, identification parade.
    * sin reconocimiento de créditos = non-credit.
    * sistema de reconocimiento académico = academic reward(s) system.
    * tecnología para el reconocimiento de voz = voice recognition technology.
    * título de reconocimiento = honorary scroll.

    * * *
    A
    1 ( Med):
    reconocimiento médico medical examination, medical
    2 (de un territorio) reconnaissance
    3 (de voz) recognition
    B ( frml)
    1
    (aprobación): en reconocimiento por or a los servicios prestados in recognition of services rendered
    queremos manifestarle nuestro reconocimiento por … we should like to show our appreciation for …
    un artista que nunca obtuvo el reconocimiento que merecía an artist who never received the recognition o acknowledgment he deserved
    una ceremonia donde recibió el reconocimiento de sus colegas a ceremony at which she received the acknowledgment of her colleagues
    2 (de un hecho) recognition
    Compuestos:
    speech recognition
    optical character recognition, OCR
    C (legitimación) recognition
    su reconocimiento del nuevo gobierno their recognition of the new government
    * * *

     

    reconocimiento sustantivo masculino

    b) (Med) tb



    reconocimiento sustantivo masculino
    1 (de un hecho) recognition, acknowledgement
    2 (de un paciente) examination, checkup
    3 (de un territorio) reconnaissance
    vuelo de reconocimiento, surveillance flight
    4 (gratitud) appreciation
    ' reconocimiento' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    consagrar
    - consagrarse
    - espaldarazo
    - gloria
    - honor
    - honra
    - lograr
    - otorgar
    - rueda
    - médico
    - reivindicación
    English:
    acceptance
    - acknowledgement
    - admission
    - credit
    - examination
    - examine
    - recce
    - recognition
    - reconnaissance
    - voice recognition
    - acknowledgment
    - physical
    - survey
    * * *
    1. [identificación] recognition
    Informát & Ling reconocimiento del habla speech recognition; Informát reconocimiento óptico de caracteres optical character recognition; Informát reconocimiento de voz voice recognition
    2. [admisión] [de error, culpa] admission;
    [de méritos, autoridad] recognition
    3. [examen, inspección] examination
    reconocimiento médico medical examination o checkup
    4. [inspección] surveying;
    Mil reconnaissance;
    hacer un reconocimiento to reconnoitre;
    hizo un viaje de reconocimiento antes de irse a vivir a Perú he went on a reconnaissance trip before moving to Peru;
    un vuelo/avión de reconocimiento a reconnaissance flight/plane
    5. [agradecimiento] gratitude;
    en reconocimiento por in recognition of
    6. [respeto] recognition
    7. Der [de hijo] recognition;
    [de firma] authentication; [de sindicato, partido, derecho] recognition
    * * *
    m
    1 recognition;
    en reconocimiento a ( agradecimiento) in recognition of
    2 de error acknowledg(e)ment
    3 MED examination, check-up
    4 MIL reconnaissance
    * * *
    1) : acknowledgment, recognition, avowal
    2) : (medical) examination
    3) : reconnaissance
    * * *
    reconocimiento n recognition

    Spanish-English dictionary > reconocimiento

  • 14 Arsonval, Jacques Arsène d'

    SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology
    [br]
    b. 8 June 1851 Boric, France
    d. 31 December 1940 Boric, France
    [br]
    French physician and physicist noted for his invention of the reflecting galvanometer and for contributions to electrotherapy.
    [br]
    After studies at colleges in Limoges and later in Paris, Arsonval became a doctor of medicine in 1877. In 1882 the Collège de France established a laboratory of biophysics with Arsonval as Director, and he was Professor from 1894.
    His most outstanding scientific contributions were in the field of biological applications of electricity. His interest in muscle currents led to a series of inventions to assist in research, including the moving-coil galvanometer. In 1881 he made a significant improvement to the galvanometer by reversing the magnetic elements. It had been usual to suspend a compass needle in the centre of a large, stationary coil, but Arsonval's invention was to suspend a small, light coil between the poles of a powerful fixed magnet. This simple arrangement was independent of the earth's magnetic field and insensitive to vibration. A great increase in sensitivity was achieved by attaching a mirror to the coil in order to reflect a spot of light. For bacterial-research purposes he designed the first constant-temperature incubator controlled by electricity. His experiments on the effects of high-frequency, low-voltage alternating currents on animals led to the first high-frequency heat-therapy unit being established in 1892, and later to methods of physiotherapy becoming a professional discipline.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Académie des Sciences, Prix Montyon 1882. Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur 1884. Grand Cross 1931.
    Bibliography
    1882, Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences 94:1347–50 (describes the galvanometer).
    1903, Traité de physique biologique, 2 vols, Paris (an account of his technological work).
    Further Reading
    C.C.Gillispie (ed.), 1970, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. 1, New York, pp. 302–5.
    D.O.Woodbury, 1949, A Measure for Greatness, New York.
    GW

    Biographical history of technology > Arsonval, Jacques Arsène d'

  • 15 Nasmyth, James Hall

    [br]
    b. 19 August 1808 Edinburgh, Scotland
    d. 7 May 1890 London, England
    [br]
    Scottish mechanical engineer and inventor of the steam-hammer.
    [br]
    James Nasmyth was the youngest son of Alexander Nasmyth (1758–1840), the portrait and landscape painter. According to his autobiography he was named James Hall after his father's friend, the geologist Sir James Hall (1761–1832), but he seems never to have used his second name in official documents. He received an elementary education at Edinburgh High School, but left at the age of 12. He attended evening classes at the Edinburgh School of Arts for the instruction of Mechanics between 1821 and 1825, and gained experience as a mechanic at an early age in his father's workshop. He shared these early experiences with his brother George, who was only a year or so older, and in the 1820s the brothers built several model steam engines and a steam-carriage capable of carrying eight passengers on the public roads. In 1829 Nasmyth obtained a position in London as personal assistant to Henry Maudslay, and after Maudslay's death in February 1831 he remained with Maudslay's partner, Joshua Field, for a short time. He then returned to Edinburgh, where he and his brother George started in a small way as general engineers. In 1834 they moved to a small workshop in Manchester, and in 1836, with the aid of financial backing from some Manchester businessmen, they established on a site at Patricroft, a few miles from the city, the works which became known as the Bridgewater Foundry. They were soon joined by a third partner, Holbrook Gaskell (1813–1909), who looked after the administration of the business, the firm then being known as Nasmyths Gaskell \& Co. They specialized in making machine tools, and Nasmyth invented many improvements so that they soon became one of the leading manufacturers in this field. They also made steam locomotives for the rapidly developing railways. James Nasmyth's best-known invention was the steam-hammer, which dates from 1839 but was not patented until 1842. The self-acting control gear was probably the work of Robert Wilson and ensured the commercial success of the invention. George Nasmyth resigned from the partnership in 1843 and in 1850 Gaskell also resigned, after which the firm continued as James Nasmyth \& Co. James Nasmyth himself retired at the end of 1856 and went to live at Penshurst, Kent, in a house which he named "Hammerfield" where he devoted his time mainly to his hobby of astronomy. Robert Wilson returned to become Managing Partner of the firm, which later became Nasmyth, Wilson \& Co. and retained that style until its closure in 1940. Nasmyth's claim to be the sole inventor of the steam-hammer has been disputed, but his patent of 1842 was not challenged and the fourteen-year monopoly ensured the prosperity of the business so that he was able to retire at the age of 48. At his death in 1890 he left an estate valued at £243,805.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1874, with J.Carpenter, The Moon Considered as a Planet, a World, and a Satellite, London.
    1883, Autobiography, ed. Samuel Smiles, London.
    Further Reading
    R.Wailes, 1963, "James Nasmyth—Artist's Son", Engineering Heritage, vol. I, London, 106–11 (a short account).
    J.A.Cantrell, 1984, James Nasmyth and the Bridgewater Foundry: A Study of Entrepreneurship in the Early Engineering Industry, Manchester (a full-length critical study).
    ——1984–5, "James Nasmyth and the steam hammer", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 56:133–8.
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Nasmyth, James Hall

  • 16 Poulsen, Valdemar

    [br]
    b. 23 November 1869 Copenhagen, Denmark
    d. 23 July 1942 Gentofte, Denmark
    [br]
    Danish engineer who developed practical magnetic recording and the arc generator for continuous radio waves.
    [br]
    From an early age he was absorbed by phenomena of physics to the exclusion of all other subjects, including mathematics. When choosing his subjects for the final three years in Borgedydskolen in Christianshavn (Copenhagen) before university, he opted for languages and history. At the University of Copenhagen he embarked on the study of medicine in 1889, but broke it off and was apprenticed to the machine firm of A/S Frichs Eftf. in Aarhus. He was employed between 1893 and 1899 as a mechanic and assistant in the laboratory of the Copenhagen Telephone Company KTAS. Eventually he advanced to be Head of the line fault department. This suited his desire for experiment and measurement perfectly. After the invention of the telegraphone in 1898, he left the laboratory and with responsible business people he created Aktieselskabet Telegrafonen, Patent Poulsen in order to develop it further, together with Peder Oluf Pedersen (1874– 1941). Pedersen brought with him the mathematical background which eventually led to his professorship in electronic engineering in 1922.
    The telegraphone was the basis for multinational industrial endeavours after it was demonstrated at the 1900 World's Exhibition in Paris. It must be said that its strength was also its weakness, because the telegraphone was unique in bringing sound recording and reproduction to the telephone field, but the lack of electronic amplifiers delayed its use outside this and the dictation fields (where headphones could be used) until the 1920s. However, commercial interest was great enough to provoke a number of court cases concerning patent infringement, in which Poulsen frequently figured as a witness.
    In 1903–4 Poulsen and Pedersen developed the arc generator for continuous radio waves which was used worldwide for radio transmitters in competition with Marconi's spark-generating system. The inspiration for this work came from the research by William Duddell on the musical arc. Whereas Duddell had proposed the use of the oscillations generated in his electric arc for telegraphy in his 1901 UK patent, Poulsen contributed a chamber of hydrogen and a transverse magnetic field which increased the efficiency remarkably. He filed patent applications on these constructions from 1902 and the first publication in a scientific forum took place at the International Electrical Congress in St Louis, Missouri, in 1904.
    In order to use continuous waves efficiently (the high frequency constituted a carrier), Poulsen developed both a modulator for telegraphy and a detector for the carrier wave. The modulator was such that even the more primitive spark-communication receivers could be used. Later Poulsen and Pedersen developed frequency-shift keying.
    The Amalgamated Radio-Telegraph Company Ltd was launched in London in 1906, combining the developments of Poulsen and those of De Forest Wireless Telegraph Syndicate. Poulsen contributed his English and American patents. When this company was liquidated in 1908, its assets were taken over by Det Kontinentale Syndikat for Poulsen Radio Telegrafi, A/S in Copenhagen (liquidated 1930–1). Some of the patents had been sold to C.Lorenz AG in Berlin, which was very active.
    The arc transmitting system was in use worldwide from about 1910 to 1925, and the power increased from 12 kW to 1,000 kW. In 1921 an exceptional transmitter rated at 1,800 kW was erected on Java for communications with the Netherlands. More than one thousand installations had been in use worldwide. The competing systems were initially spark transmitters (Marconi) and later rotary converters ( Westinghouse). Similar power was available from valve transmitters only much later.
    From c. 1912 Poulsen did not contribute actively to further development. He led a life as a well-respected engineer and scientist and served on several committees. He had his private laboratory and made experiments in the composition of matter and certain resonance phenomena; however, nothing was published. It has recently been suggested that Poulsen could not have been unaware of Oberlin Smith's work and publication in 1888, but his extreme honesty in technical matters indicates that his development was indeed independent. In the case of the arc generator, Poulsen was always extremely frank about the inspiration he gained from earlier developers' work.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1899, British patent no. 8,961 (the first British telegraphone patent). 1903, British patent no. 15,599 (the first British arc-genera tor patent).
    His scientific publications are few, but fundamental accounts of his contribution are: 1900, "Das Telegraphon", Ann. d. Physik 3:754–60; 1904, "System for producing continuous oscillations", Trans. Int. El. Congr. St. Louis, Vol. II, pp. 963–71.
    Further Reading
    A.Larsen, 1950, Telegrafonen og den Traadløse, Ingeniørvidenskabelige Skrifter no. 2, Copenhagen (provides a very complete, although somewhat confusing, account of Poulsen's contributions; a list of his patents is given on pp. 285–93).
    F.K.Engel, 1990, Documents on the Invention of Magnetic Re cor ding in 1878, New York: Audio Engineering Society, reprint no. 2,914 (G2) (it is here that doubt is expressed about whether Poulsen's ideas were developed independently).
    GB-N

    Biographical history of technology > Poulsen, Valdemar

  • 17 Bramah, Joseph

    [br]
    b. 2 April 1749 Stainborough, Yorkshire, England
    d. 9 December 1814 Pimlico, London, England
    [br]
    English inventor of the second patented water-closet, the beer-engine, the Bramah lock and, most important, the hydraulic press.
    [br]
    Bramah was the son of a tenant farmer and was educated at the village school before being apprenticed to a local carpenter, Thomas Allot. He walked to London c.1773 and found work with a Mr Allen that included the repair of some of the comparatively rare water-closets of the period. He invented and patented one of his own, which was followed by a water cock in 1783. His next invention, a greatly improved lock, involved the devising of a number of special machine tools, for it was one of the first devices involving interchangeable components in its manufacture. In this he had the help of Henry Maudslay, then a young and unknown engineer, who became Bramah's foreman before setting up business on his own. In 1784 he moved his premises from Denmark Street, St Giles, to 124 Piccadilly, which was later used as a showroom when he set up a factory in Pimlico. He invented an engine for putting out fires in 1785 and 1793, in effect a reciprocating rotary-vane pump. He undertook the refurbishment and modernization of Norwich waterworks c.1793, but fell out with Robert Mylne, who was acting as Consultant to the Norwich Corporation and had produced a remarkably vague specification. This was Bramah's only venture into the field of civil engineering.
    In 1797 he acted as an expert witness for Hornblower \& Maberley in the patent infringement case brought against them by Boulton and Watt. Having been cut short by the judge, he published his proposed evidence in "Letter to the Rt Hon. Sir James Eyre, Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas…etc". In 1795 he was granted his most important patent, based on Pascal's Hydrostatic Paradox, for the hydraulic press which also incorporated the concept of hydraulics for the transmission of both power and motion and was the foundation of the whole subsequent hydraulic industry. There is no truth in the oft-repeated assertion originating from Samuel Smiles's Industrial Biography (1863) that the hydraulic press could not be made to work until Henry Maudslay invented the self-sealing neck leather. Bramah used a single-acting upstroking ram, sealed only at its base with a U-leather. There was no need for a neck leather.
    He also used the concept of the weight-loaded, in this case as a public-house beer-engine. He devised machinery for carbonating soda water. The first banknote-numbering machine was of his design and was bought by the Bank of England. His development of a machine to cut twelve nibs from one goose quill started a patent specification which ended with the invention of the fountain pen, patented in 1809. His coach brakes were an innovation that was followed bv a form of hydropneumatic carriage suspension that was somewhat in advance of its time, as was his patent of 1812. This foresaw the introduction of hydraulic power mains in major cities and included the telescopic ram and the air-loaded accumulator.
    In all Joseph Bramah was granted eighteen patents. On 22 March 1813 he demonstrated a hydraulic machine for pulling up trees by the roots in Hyde Park before a large crowd headed by the Duke of York. Using the same machine in Alice Holt Forest in Hampshire to fell timber for ships for the Navy, he caught a chill and died soon after at his home in Pimlico.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1778, British patent no. 1177 (water-closet). 1784, British patent no. 1430 (Bramah Lock). 1795, British patent no. 2045 (hydraulic press). 1809, British patent no. 3260 (fountain pen). 1812, British patent no. 3611.
    Further Reading
    I.McNeil, 1968, Joseph Bramah, a Century of Invention.
    S.Smiles, 1863, Industrial Biography.
    H.W.Dickinson, 1942, "Joseph Bramah and his inventions", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 22:169–86.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Bramah, Joseph

  • 18 Gabor, Dennis (Dénes)

    [br]
    b. 5 June 1900 Budapest, Hungary
    d. 9 February 1979 London, England
    [br]
    Hungarian (naturalized British) physicist, inventor of holography.
    [br]
    Gabor became interested in physics at an early age. Called up for military service in 1918, he was soon released when the First World War came to an end. He then began a mechanical engineering course at the Budapest Technical University, but a further order to register for military service prompted him to flee in 1920 to Germany, where he completed his studies at Berlin Technical University. He was awarded a Diploma in Engineering in 1924 and a Doctorate in Electrical Engineering in 1927. He then went on to work in the physics laboratory of Siemens \& Halske. He returned to Hungary in 1933 and developed a new kind of fluorescent lamp called the plasma lamp. Failing to find a market for this device, Gabor made the decision to abandon his homeland and emigrate to England. There he joined British Thompson-Houston (BTH) in 1934 and married a colleague from the company in 1936. Gabor was also unsuccessful in his attempts to develop the plasma lamp in England, and by 1937 he had begun to work in the field of electron optics. His work was interrupted by the outbreak of war in 1939, although as he was not yet a British subject he was barred from making any significant contribution to the British war effort. It was only when the war was near its end that he was able to return to electron optics and begin the work that led to the invention of holography. The theory was developed during 1947 and 1948; Gabor went on to demonstrate that the theories worked, although it was not until the invention of the laser in 1960 that the full potential of his invention could be appreciated. He coined the term "hologram" from the Greek holos, meaning complete, and gram, meaning written. The three-dimensional images have since found many applications in various fields, including map making, medical imaging, computing, information technology, art and advertising. Gabor left BTH to become an associate professor at the Imperial College of Science and Technology in 1949, a position he held until his retirement in 1967. In 1971 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for his work on holography.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Royal Society Rumford Medal 1968. Franklin Institute Michelson Medal 1968. CBE 1970. Nobel Prize for Physics 1971.
    Bibliography
    1948. "A new microscopic principle", Nature 161:777 (Gabor's earliest publication on holography).
    1949. "Microscopy by reconstructed wavefronts", Proceedings of the Royal Society A197: 454–87.
    1951, "Microscopy by reconstructed wavefronts II", Proc. Phys. Soc. B, 64:449–69. 1966, "Holography or the “Whole Picture”", New Scientist 29:74–8 (an interesting account written after laser beams were used to produce optical holograms).
    Further Reading
    T.E.Allibone, 1980, contribution to Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 26: 107–47 (a full account of Gabor's life and work).
    JW

    Biographical history of technology > Gabor, Dennis (Dénes)

  • 19 Talbot, William Henry Fox

    [br]
    b. 11 February 1800 Melbury, England
    d. 17 September 1877 Lacock, Wiltshire, England
    [br]
    English scientist, inventor of negative—positive photography and practicable photo engraving.
    [br]
    Educated at Harrow, where he first showed an interest in science, and at Cambridge, Talbot was an outstanding scholar and a formidable mathematician. He published over fifty scientific papers and took out twelve English patents. His interests outside the field of science were also wide and included Assyriology, etymology and the classics. He was briefly a Member of Parliament, but did not pursue a parliamentary career.
    Talbot's invention of photography arose out of his frustrating attempts to produce acceptable pencil sketches using popular artist's aids, the camera discura and camera lucida. From his experiments with the former he conceived the idea of placing on the screen a paper coated with silver salts so that the image would be captured chemically. During the spring of 1834 he made outline images of subjects such as leaves and flowers by placing them on sheets of sensitized paper and exposing them to sunlight. No camera was involved and the first images produced using an optical system were made with a solar microscope. It was only when he had devised a more sensitive paper that Talbot was able to make camera pictures; the earliest surviving camera negative dates from August 1835. From the beginning, Talbot noticed that the lights and shades of his images were reversed. During 1834 or 1835 he discovered that by placing this reversed image on another sheet of sensitized paper and again exposing it to sunlight, a picture was produced with lights and shades in the correct disposition. Talbot had discovered the basis of modern photography, the photographic negative, from which could be produced an unlimited number of positives. He did little further work until the announcement of Daguerre's process in 1839 prompted him to publish an account of his negative-positive process. Aware that his photogenic drawing process had many imperfections, Talbot plunged into further experiments and in September 1840, using a mixture incorporating a solution of gallic acid, discovered an invisible latent image that could be made visible by development. This improved calotype process dramatically shortened exposure times and allowed Talbot to take portraits. In 1841 he patented the process, an exercise that was later to cause controversy, and between 1844 and 1846 produced The Pencil of Nature, the world's first commercial photographically illustrated book.
    Concerned that some of his photographs were prone to fading, Talbot later began experiments to combine photography with printing and engraving. Using bichromated gelatine, he devised the first practicable method of photo engraving, which was patented as Photoglyphic engraving in October 1852. He later went on to use screens of gauze, muslin and finely powdered gum to break up the image into lines and dots, thus anticipating modern photomechanical processes.
    Talbot was described by contemporaries as the "Father of Photography" primarily in recognition of his discovery of the negative-positive process, but he also produced the first photomicrographs, took the first high-speed photographs with the aid of a spark from a Leyden jar, and is credited with proposing infra-red photography. He was a shy man and his misguided attempts to enforce his calotype patent made him many enemies. It was perhaps for this reason that he never received the formal recognition from the British nation that his family felt he deserved.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS March 1831. Royal Society Rumford Medal 1842. Grand Médaille d'Honneur, L'Exposition Universelle, Paris, 1855. Honorary Doctorate of Laws, Edinburgh University, 1863.
    Bibliography
    1839, "Some account of the art of photographic drawing", Royal Society Proceedings 4:120–1; Phil. Mag., XIV, 1839, pp. 19–21.
    8 February 1841, British patent no. 8842 (calotype process).
    1844–6, The Pencil of Nature, 6 parts, London (Talbot'a account of his invention can be found in the introduction; there is a facsimile edn, with an intro. by Beamont Newhall, New York, 1968.
    Further Reading
    H.J.P.Arnold, 1977, William Henry Fox Talbot, London.
    D.B.Thomas, 1964, The First Negatives, London (a lucid concise account of Talbot's photograph work).
    J.Ward and S.Stevenson, 1986, Printed Light, Edinburgh (an essay on Talbot's invention and its reception).
    H.Gernsheim and A.Gernsheim, 1977, The History of Photography, London (a wider picture of Talbot, based primarily on secondary sources).
    JW

    Biographical history of technology > Talbot, William Henry Fox

  • 20 Maudslay, Henry

    [br]
    b. 22 August 1771 Woolwich, Kent, England
    d. 15 February 1831 Lambeth, London, England
    [br]
    English precision toolmaker and engineer.
    [br]
    Henry Maudslay was the third son of an ex-soldier and storekeeper at Woolwich Arsenal. At the age of 12 he was employed at the Arsenal filling cartridges; two years later he was transferred to the woodworking department, adjacent to the smithy, to which he moved when 15 years old. He was a rapid learner, and three years later Joseph Bramah took him on for the construction of special tools required for the mass-production of his locks. Maudslay was thus employed for the next eight years. He became Bramah's foreman, married his housekeeper, Sarah Tindale, and, unable to better himself, decided to leave and set up on his own. He soon outgrew his first premises in Wells Street and moved to Margaret Street, off Oxford Street, where some examples of his workmanship were displayed in the window. These caught the attention of a visiting Frenchman, de Bacquancourt; he was a friend of Marc Isambard Brunel, who was then in the early stages of designing the block-making machinery later installed at Portsmouth dockyard.
    Brunel wanted first a set of working models, as he did not think that the Lords of the Admiralty would be capable of understanding engineering drawings; Maudslay made these for him within the next two years. Sir Samuel Bentham, Inspector-General of Naval Works, agreed that Brunel's system was superior to the one that he had gone some way in developing; the Admiralty approved, and an order was placed for the complete plant. The manufacture of the machinery occupied Maudslay for the next six years; he was assisted by a draughtsman whom he took on from Portsmouth dockyard, Joshua Field (1786–1863), who became his partner in Maudslay, Son and Field. There were as many as eighty employees at Margaret Street until, in 1810, larger premises became necessary and a new works was built at Lambeth Marsh where, eventually, there were up to two hundred workers. The new factory was flanked by two houses, one of which was occupied by Maudslay, the other by Field. The firm became noted for its production of marine steam-engines, notably Maudslay's table engine which was first introduced in 1807.
    Maudslay was a consummate craftsman who was never happier than when working at his bench or at a machine tool; he was also one of the first engineers to appreciate the virtues of standardization. Evidence of this appreciation is to be found in his work in the development of the Bramah lock and then on the machine tools for the manufacture of ship's blocks to Marc Brunel's designs; possibly his most important contribution was the invention in 1797 of the metal lathe. He made a number of surface plates of the finest quality. The most celebrated of his numerous measuring devices was a micrometer-based machine which he termed his "Lord Chancellor" because, in the machine shop, it represented the "final court of appeal", measuring to one-thousandth of an inch.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    1934–5, "Maudslay, Sons \& Field as general engineers", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 15, London.
    1963, Engineering Heritage, Vol. 1, London: Institution of Mechanical Engineers. L.T.C.Rolt, 1965, Tools for the Job, London: Batsford.
    W.Steeds, 1969, A History of Machine Tools 1700–1910, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Maudslay, Henry

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